Opinii despre unele cuvinte "autohtone"
Am aratat precedent in articolul "Posibile influente proto-iraniene in limba romana" ca in limba romana persista mai multe influente proto-iraniene care pot avea urmatoarele surse: a. (proto)-tocharice; b. agatarse; c. scito-sarmatice. Multe influente ar putea fi de data mai recenta si sa fie contributia provenita din romanizarea unui fond de populatie scito-sarmatic atat in spatiul carpato-dunarean, cat si in cel moesic sau pannonic (inclusiv provincia Valeria), astfel incat unele cuvinte pot fi considerate "autohtone", dar nu apriori pe filiera geto-daca (de altfel si atunci cand vorbim de geto-daci trebuie avut in vedere populatii compozite sau/si forme dialectale diversificate ale aceleiasi limbi sau/si stratificari lingvistice).
Astfel, unele dintre cuvintele considerate drept autohtone de autori mari precum Bogdan Petriceicu-Haşdeu, Ion I. Russu, Ariton Vraciu ar putea proveni dintr-un fond proto-iranic foarte vechi sau poate posterior romanizarii unei populatii scito-sarmatice. Dam urmatoarele exemple, in care s-au avut in vedere prescurtarile:
Prescurtari utilizate:
alb.- albaneza; arb.- arbereste (dialectul albanez din Italia); aro.- aromana; eg.- engleza; gdl.- gaelica scotiana; hd.- hindi; irg.- gaelica irlandeza; kd.- kurda; lt.- lituaniana; ltg.- latgalian; lv.- letona; ngr.-neogreaca; np. -nepali; oss.- osetina; pj.- punjabi; ps.- pashto/pushto (afgana); ro. romana; wls.- welsh
aprig (eg. fiery, hot-blooded; ps. b’rīd- eg. "attack, onset, charge, assault, storm", ps. b’rīd kawul- eg. "to attack, to assault, to charge"; wls. plwc- eg. "boldness, bravery", gdl. borb/buirbe- eg. "fierce, savage, passionate" ?);
bortă (eg. hole, hollow, archway; pj. bhorha- eg. "hollow, pit" ?);
cătun, aro. câtunu (eg. hamlet; alb. katund- eg. "village", arb. katúnd- it. "paese, villagio", scr. katun-eg. "summer pasture", ps. koṯṯ/ koṯṯūnah- eg. "a fort, a castle, a stronghold, a keep " sau ps. āḵẖor/ āḵẖorūnah or āḵẖorān - eg. "a manger, a trough; a stable, a stall" cf. şi fr. accueillir- ro. "a găzdui");
daş (eg. ram; alb. dash- "ram", arb. dash- it. "montone, ariete", lt. tekis- eg. "1. boar, 2. ram"; ps. do-s̱ẖaral- eg. "a two-year-old ram or he-goat" cf. gdl. deathaid- eg. "two-year-old sheep", pj. dhusna- eg. "ram");
dărâma (to demolish, to knock down; pb. din aceeaşi familie cu destrăma. Ps. daṟṟ-daṟṟ- eg. "broken to bits, shattered, torn, piecemeal, in fragments, in shreds, splintered, shivered to atoms, etc." + ps. māt- eg. "adj. broken, cracked, smashed, shivered, shattered, torn, broken up, disjoined, detached, sundered, split, splintered, cracked, rent, dispersed, etc.");
doină (eg. lyrical folk song; lt. dainŕ/ dainė (dialectul samogetic)- eg. "song", gdl. duan/duain -eg. "poem, ode, song", gdl. duanag- eg. "little song", irg. dán- eg. "a poem, song, verse, rhyme", lt. dainuoti- alb. këndoj- eg. "sing", ps. d/dunah - eg. "a song, modulation, melody", ps. sandara’h- eg. "a song, a melody, modulation"; np. gāunu- eg. "to sing");
droaie (crowd, doggery; aro. gârdeljiu, alb. droe/droje, ps. ḏḏeraey- eg. "a crowd, a throng, a multitude", ps. ḏḏera’ī- eg. "a heap, a pile", ps. ḏḏer/ ḏḏera’h - eg. "much in quantity or degree, long in duration, abundant, enough, many in number", ps. ḏḏer wālaey- eg. "abundance, amplitude, plenitude, enough; length of time, number, prevalence");
dulău (pl. dolow din sl. loviti- ro. "a vâna" ?; ps. daulat ḵẖwāh- eg. "a well wisher, loyal", ps. <ḵẖa>ḏḏal/ <ḵẖa>ḏḏalān - eg. "a large dog in good condition" sau ps. ḵẖaḏḏala’h- eg. "a bitch as above"cf. ro. reg. Md. şi Buc. zăblău. EI );
genune (eg. abyss; irg. ŕigeun/wls. eigion- eg. "the deep" cf. eg. ocean, gdl. aigeann/aigeinnean- eg. "abyss", dar şi irg. aibheis- eg. "sea, the deep, abyss"; latgalian dzanaukls/esmins- lv. asmenis- eg. "blade, gad, edge"; np. kināra- eg. "edge, border", ps. gaṟṟang/ gaṟṟangūnah - eg. "an abyss, a deep hollow, a shaft, a gulf, a crater, a cavity "; ps. g̠ẖāṟṟa’h- eg. "throat; shore, border, margin, coast");
ghes (eg. a poke, a goad; aro. "u adrasi ghesâ"- ro. "a face boacăne" sau aro. ngâsâiescu-mi- ro. "a impulsiona, a îmboldi, a convinge, a determina, a îmbia" ?; ps. an-gez/an-geza’h- eg. "exciting, rousing, causing; an exciter"; ps. fit-na’h angez- eg. "a mischief maker, an insurgent, a fomenter of disturbances, an incendiary"; ps. fit-na’h angezī- eg. "seditiousness, disturbance, sedition, mischievousness" ? Drăganu indică ca posibil etimon pentru ro. a înghesui cuvântul mg. gyeszül- ro. "împinge". Atestat un ps. Gaes- eg. "early morning or dawn", poate coincidență ?);
hojma (eg. repeatedly, continuously; ucr. hožma ?, ps. hames̱ẖa’h or hames̱ẖ- eg. "always, ever, at all times, continually" ?);
iazmă (eg. ghost; lt. dvasia+šmėkla- eg. "spirit", lv. briesmonis- eg. "monster, ogre", lv. gaisma- eg. "glim, shine, light" ?; ps. āzmā-e- eg. "a goblin, a demon" unde ps. mard- eg. "a male, a man, a brave man"; ps. waj̱ẕ-maʹh- eg. "1. breath, respiration; steam, vapor, exhalation. 2. a light air or breeze, a cat's paw". Ps. āz-mā’īs̱ẖ- eg. "1.trial, proof, essay, examination, experiment. 2. temptation" mai degrabă apropiat de ro. dezmăţ);
leşina, aro. lishinu<-mi> (eg. to faint; arb. ligështí- it. "debolezza", lt. gležnus- gm. "weich, zart, schwächlich, widerstandslos"- plăpând; lv. lēzens- eg. "flat, low-pitched, easy", lv. lēzenums- eg. "flatness", ps. liwāl/ lewāl- eg. "peckish, inclined to eat, hungry, craving, desirous, inclined, eager, hankering after" + ps. s̱ẖūm- eg. "faint for want of food, hungry". Kd. sar-le-shewân- eg. "to be helpless, in distress");
mălai (eg. millet or corn flour; huţula moloteti, moloti- "a măcina", lt. miltai, lv. malt- eg. "flour, meal", ps. n’maṟṟa’ī- eg. "a mouthful, bread");
mire (eg. bridegroom; aro. mâireasă- ro. "mireasă", aro. mâritu- ro. "bărbat"; alb. mirë- eg. "good", lt. mielas- eg. "lovely, nice, sweet, dear", ps. meṟṟah/meṟṟūnah or maṟṟūnah - eg. "husband, master, lord", kd. merd- eg. "man, husband" ?);
moş (eg. oldman; în realitate este vorba despre multiple sensuri; a). pentru moş cu sensul de "în vârstă": aro. moshu/auș- ro. "moş", alb. moshë-eg. "age", ps. mśshśr/ mashar - eg. "elder, leader; a patriarch"; b). pentru derivatele lui moş cu sensul de "drept ereditar, moştenire": oss. moj/mojnae+ oss. laeg- eg. "husband"=moşneag; lv. muiža- eg. "manor, estate", lv. muižnieks- eg. "nobleman, noble, squire, gentleman" cf. ro. moşneag; c). pentru moş cu sensul de "experimentat, isteţ": ltg. mosnys/vuiklys-lv. izveicīgs- eg. "skilful, dexterous, skilled, clever, crafty". Dar şi lt. mokslus- eg. "gifted for, clever at, learning", lt. mokslingumas- eg. "learning, erudition" ultimul apropiat fonetic de ro. moşneág, poate suprapunere zmogus/mokslingumas ?);
ridica (eg. to raise, lift; ps. ri-yawdal- eg. "to raise, to elevate, to lift, to uplift, to upraise"+ ps. ḵẖejawul- eg. "to elevate, to raise, to lift, to upraise, to set up, to erect, to lift, to exalt, to make climb, to make ascend");
stână, aro. sta'ni (eg. sheepfold; varianta pentru aro. tuŕă'šti; Aromânii consideră aro. sta'ni posibil din albaneză. Ps. stāna’h- eg. "a threshold, the inside of a house; family, progeny ", gdl. stairsneach- eg. " a threshold" sau derivat din gdl. stéorn- eg. "guide, direct, manage", nv. stíorn- eg. "steering, rule", vezi şi ro. tron, ro. a stârni ? Pt. aro. tuŕă'šti, a se vedea irgl. tairseach- eg. "threshold" considerat derivat dintr-un vechi irgl. tairsech- eg. "cross beam or stone" ?);
strungă (eg. place for milking sheep, narrow passage, canyon; lt. strungas- gm. "gestutzt, mit gekapptem Schwanze"- eg. "truncated, with the tail end capped, topped"? Pj./urdu saura+ tang- eg. "narrow");
şiră (eg. spine; ps. ś̱ẖʹnaʹh or ḵ́ẖʹnaʹh- eg. "the bone which connects the thigh bone to the spine-the os ilium");
şopârlă, aro. ciupilaru/ciupularu (eg. lizard; hd. chhipkalī- eg. "lizard");
ţap (eg. he-goat; alb. cjap- eg. "billy-goat", arb. cj/áp- it. "capro, becco"; samogetica cėbė- lt. "ožka"- "capră, ţap"; ps. ṯṯakah- eg." a mountain goat, or species of the ibex" ; Tache Papahagi îl corelează cu lat. capĕr: la aromâni turmele de oi sunt conduse de ţapi dresaţi care răspund la strigătele sau şuierăturile speciale ale păstorului, dar termenul aro. este îce- fr. "bouc sonnailler"-"ţapul conducător al turmei"-P.733 conform ps. g̠ẖūc̱ẖ- eg. "a fighting ram" sau ps. g̠ẖarṯs̱anaey- eg. "a mountain goat, sheep, or deer in general" ?);
ţarc (eg. pen, fold; ps. ṯs̱arḵẖawul- eg. "to turn, to make revolve, to wheel round; to sharpen"; ps. ṯs̱awaṟṟ- eg. "a sort of covering for the loins of horses and asses", pj. taih karna- eg. "to fold");
ţ<â,u>mburuş (ro. mică proeminenţă rotundă la un obiect;/eg. a small, usually round, protrusion on a surface, nub;/arb. shémbull- it. "esempio"; ps. c̱ẖambar/c̱ẖambarūnah - eg. "a sphere, an orb, a circle, a disc, a wheel, a globe");
urdă (eg. cottage cheese, kwark; huţula urda, ps./dari urut- eg. "coagulated milk boiled, a kind of cheese" sau ps. wur-gah- eg. "the first milk given by a cow, goat, etc., after calving, biestings");
In schimb,
sarbăd, aro. sarbitu (eg. insipid; lat. exalbidus- eg. "white", gdl. searbh- eg. "bitter, disagreeable, sour, pungent, acrid", irgl. searbhag- eg. "bitter herb" ?)
pare mai apropiat de limbile celtice goidelice (gaelica irlandeza, gaelica scotiana si gaelica de Manx).
Totusi, influentele proto-iranice sunt greu de explicat, mai ales cele din pashto/pushto, intrucat pana acum se considera ca limbile scitice/sarmatice/alanice erau mai degraba inrudite cu ossetina (limba iraniana vestica). O explicatie ar fi ca de fapt ca pashto/pushto care este o limba iraniana estica ar fi urmasa unui grup de limbi orientale care cuprindea si tocharica (poate si avestica) si care ar fi putut constitui un prim strat indo-european ar limbii geto-dace (peste care s-au suprapus si alte stratificari ulterioare, precum traca, geto-daca, dialecte celtice sau poate si galo-italice, etc. ?). Ar fi si alte explicatii, dar despre care vom vorbi intr-un alt context.
|
Valentin Claudiu Dobre 10/1/2012 |
Contact: |
|
|
